How Does WiFi Work?
WiFi uses radio waves to transmit data between your router and devices. The router converts internet data into radio signals (usually 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency), broadcasts them through antennas, and devices with WiFi receivers decode the signals back into data. It is essentially a two-way radio communication using standardized protocols (802.11).
Key Takeaways
- Your router receives internet data through a cable (from your ISP) and converts this digital information into radio waves.
- WiFi 6 and WiFi 6E are faster and handle many devices better than older standards.
- Mesh systems use multiple access points to extend coverage without repeaters' speed loss.
Explanation
Your router receives internet data through a cable (from your ISP) and converts this digital information into radio waves. These waves carry data encoded in their pattern of frequencies and amplitudes. WiFi-enabled devices have receivers that detect these radio waves and decode the patterns back into usable data.
Two main frequency bands are used: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (with newer WiFi 6E adding 6 GHz). 2.4 GHz travels farther and penetrates walls better but is slower and more crowded (microwaves, Bluetooth, and neighbors use this band). 5 GHz is faster with less interference but has shorter range.
Signal strength depends on distance, obstacles (walls, floors, metal objects), interference from other devices, and router antenna positioning. Data travels in packets, and the protocol manages addressing (which device gets which data), error checking, and security encryption.
Things to Know
- WiFi 6 and WiFi 6E are faster and handle many devices better than older standards.
- Mesh systems use multiple access points to extend coverage without repeaters' speed loss.
- WiFi does not equal internet - you can have WiFi connection but no internet if your ISP is down.